Thursday 15 September 2011
Abstract
French Impressionist composer, Claude Debussy, was fascinated by gamelan music which later inspired him to imitate this music style in his compositions. His piano piece Pagodes is a quintessential example of a gamelan-influenced work with respect to various musical elements. (Piano Society 2011, http://bdgwayangfestival.org/particle_claude.html)
This investigation compares a piano piece by Claude Debussy, and a piece from the popular music genre from Indonesia – Javanese Gamelan.
Impressionism and Indonesian gamelan are evidently two distinguishable cultures: the former is originated from Western Art Music whereas the latter is Non-Western music.
About Impressionism
Impressionist music is a movement in Western Art Music began in the late 19th century and continued to mid-20th century. (Tsai, S, http://www.tcd.ie/Music/JF%20History/debussy.html)
The notion of impressionism is to create descriptive impressions that are not necessarily clearly depicted. Music is composed with vague vision in order to create an atmospheric effect. (Tsai, S, http://www.tcd.ie/Music/JF%20History/debussy.html)
The timbre of the music is created through exotic scale systems namely the pentatonic scale influenced by Asian music. Impressionist’s use of harmony was different to the traditional style in Western Art Music, that is, chords are used to set the mood of the piece rather than building up and releasing tension. (McGraw 1998, http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/music/kamien/student/olc/29.htm)
(Courtesy of: Tsai, S, http://www.tcd.ie/Music/JF%20History/debussy.html)
This is an impressionist painting by Claude Monet, it gave rise to the Impressionist movement.
About Gamelan
Gamelan has an old and enigmatic origin. The earliest evidences of gamelan instruments are a series of stone carvings in the Borobudur Buddhist temple in Central Java around 800A.D. (Hock 2010, http://www.indonesiaphoto.com/facts/life/item/210-the-history-of-gamelan)
There are several styles of gamelan, the most popular being Balinese and Javanese gamelan. Gamelan ensembles are usually percussion-orientated (membranophones), along with an extensive use of idiophones, contributing to the resonant timbre in its music. There are also uses of bamboo flutes (aerophones), bowed and plucked strings (chordophones) and vocals. This music culture has been passed down by oral tradition over thousands of years in Indonesia. (Nettl, Capwell, Wong, Turino, Bohlman, Rommen 2008, Excursions in World Music, pg. 162)
(Courtesy of: http://paradiseofindonesia.blogspot.com/)
Gamelan has three sections of instruments: punctuating instruments, balungan (core-melody) instruments, and elaborating instruments that play in slow, medium and fast tempo respectively. (Hugh 1998, http://brenthugh.com/debnotes/gamelan.html)
There are two prominent scale systems in gamelan, slendro (pentatonic system) and pelog (heptatonic system). (Nettl, Capwell, Wong, Turino, Bohlman, Rommen 2008, Excursions in World Music, pg. 163-164)
Musical Links
Debussy was exposed to Javanese gamelan
music in 1889 Paris Exposition Universelle. Since then, his works display
influences from gamelan music. Pagodes is
his piano composition that demonstrates influences from Javanese gamelan music.
It shares characteristics such as the polyphonic texture, resonant timbre and
pentatonic tonality that emphasize the oriental atmosphere. This investigation
compares Pagodes with a Javanese
gamelan piece Udan Mas. A pagoda is a
tall tower with multiple eves, common in many parts of Asia. Most pagodas are
for religious and worship purposes. This immediately shows a relationship
between Pagodes and Asian features.
Moreover, the contour of the first two bars of Pagodes suggests the rooflines of pagodas. (Vanderburg.K.D, 2008)
Gamelan music have three groups of instruments: punctuating instruments, balungan (core melody) instruments, and elaborating instruments in which they move in slow, medium and fast speed respectively. From this Pagodes extract (Figure 2.1):
Figure 3.1
Figure 4.3: These series of high-pitched
trills create a ringing, shimmering tone which is a reminiscence of the
rapid third intervals from Udan Mas at
0:30-0:44 seconds.
(Courtesy of: http://www.scribd.com/doc/56752626/Compositional-Ideas-Techniques-and-Images-in-Debussy%E2%80%99s-Pagodes)
Melody
Ostinato/motif
Figure 1.1
Figure 1.2
Figure 1.3
Figure 1.4
Figure 1.5
Figure 1.6
Figure 2.1
Pagodes
and Udan Mas
both have a similarity in regards to the use of ostinatos and motifs. Debussy
has employed an extensive amount of motifs in Pagodes. Ostinato is commonly used for all gamelan pieces.
Typically, a series of melodic patterns is repeated for several times with
slight variations. In Udan Mas, a
group of metallophones present the melodic idea while elaborating instruments
provide variations on top; the large gong punctuates the start and end of an
ostinato pattern.
Figure 1.1
Figure 1.1 shows the major ostinato in Pagodes,
it is written to reproduce a mellow, resonant gamelan sound. This sound is
imitated by the use of pedal and the balmy, flowing melody. There are several
other motifs present in the piece. For instance, the two conjunct notes (C#,
D#) motif shown in Figure 1.2 is present throughout the piece, alternating between different voices
on the piano, hence giving the effect that the voices are “conversing”. This is
similar to the notion that the two ostinatos in Udan Mas are composed with resembling notes that also gives the
impression of call-and-response. Moreover, this static “two-notes motif” creates
a sense of resonance that relates to the nature of gamelan music, namely Udan Mas.
Figure 1.2
Figure 1.3 a
transcription on the core melody of Udan
Mas, however since gamelan music has a different scale/tuning system, these
notes are of an approximations when transcribed to the Western scale system.
Figure 1.3
The melodic idea
in the 1st gongan (section) is answered by the melodic idea in the
modulated 2nd gongan on a higher register. This relates back to the
“two-notes motif” in Pagodes, in
which these motifs in both pieces are conversing.
However the
difference is that Pagodes has a much
wider range – Udan Mas’s main melody
is limited to only five notes. Also Debussy has applied a more complex use of
ostinatos and motifs embedded in different voices along with interweaving
counter-melodies and accompaniments whereas ostinatos in Udan Mas are presented clearly solely on the same instrument.
Counter-melody
On the other hand, both pieces
are filled with counter-melodies. For example, Figure 1.4 shows Pagodes mm.7, showing an ostinato played on the treble against the
counter-melody that is played in the tenor (circled)
Figure 1.4
Figure 1.5 is another counter-melody
played on the tenor in mm.13; it is played against a series of pentatonic
scales on the treble, which is suggestive of gamelan music with its slendro and pelog scale system.
Figure 1.5
In Udan Mas, there are several melodies played at the background
behind the main melody. Moreover, there are variations on the elaborating
instruments in the returns of the 1st gongan (section) and 2nd gongan. In general, there are three main counter-melodies played by
elaborating instruments such as the bonang,
gambang, and gender. These counter-melodies appear at 0:08-0:24, 0:30-0:44,
0:45-0:49 seconds.
These three counter-melodies in Udan Mas are composed within a narrow
range, particularly the one from 0:30-0:44 seconds – made up of repetitions of
rough third intervals – provides a shimmering effect in elaborating the core
melody. Both Pagodes and Udan Mas consist of counter-melodies
that create polyphonic textures.
Texture
Both pieces have a polyphonic
texture. One of the key elements of gamelan music is the layering of music – low
instruments move slowly while higher register instruments move in a relatively faster
speed. This feature is present in both pieces, such as the coda from Pagodes:
Gamelan music have three groups of instruments: punctuating instruments, balungan (core melody) instruments, and elaborating instruments in which they move in slow, medium and fast speed respectively. From this Pagodes extract (Figure 2.1):
- The slowly-moving pedaled bass chords serve as the punctuating instrument emphasizing phrases such as gong ageng
- The balungan is brought out by the tenor, which moves faster than the bass. It signifies a balungan instrument, such as the saron
- The fast-moving melody on the treble represents the elaborating instruments such as the gender, boning, gambang, sulin or pesindhen.
Figure 2.2: this shows another example of polyphonic texture from Pagodes.
This
layering technique is also present in Udan
Mas:
- Slow-moving punctuating instrument:
- Gong ageng (the gong that creates a deep, resonant sound; putting stress on every first beat of each cycle) E.g. 0:07, 0:26, 0:45 seconds etc.
- Kempul (the hanging gongs that provides a constant beat throughout) E.g. 0:10, 0:13, 0:15, 0:20 seconds etc.
- Moderate-pace balungan is played by saron throughout
- Several elaborating instruments playing in fast tempo, including:
- Bonang, gambang playing counter-melodies on the higher register. E.g. 0:08-0:24, 0:30-0:44, 0:45-0:49 seconds etc.
- Kendhang (the drum) elaborating on the rhythm in a faster speed. E.g. 1:34-1:40 seconds etc.
Structure
Use of gong in introduction
The
introduction of Pagodes and Udan Mas are similar with respect to the
use of gong ageng that strikes on the
first beat to punctuate the music. In Pagodes,
the role of gong ageng is expressed
by the pedaled bass chord. It creates a resonant timbre that relates to the
opening of Udan Mas, punctuated by
the deep-sounding, resonant gong ageng.
Figure 3.1
Form
Pagodes
has an episodic form:
Introduction (mm.1-2) 0:00-0:14
A (mm.3-26) 0:15-1:38
Bridge (mm.27-32) 1:39-1:57
B (mm.33-40) 1:58-2:21
C (mm.41-44) 2:22-2:37
B (mm.45-52) 2:38-3:03
A (mm.53-72) 3:04-4:08
Transition (mm.73-79) 4:09-4:30
Coda A (mm.80-87) 4:31-4:56
Coda B (mm.88-98) 4:57-end
Udan Mas
is in the form of a gongan (‘cycle’ in Indonesian). The strike of the gong
ageng indicates the beginning of a new cycle.
Introduction:
0.00-0.06
1st
gongan: 0.07-0.15
Repeat:
0.16-0.25
2nd
gongan: 0.26-0.35
Repeat:
0.36-0.43
Return
of 1st gongan: 0.44-0.53
Repeat:
0.54-1.02
Return
of 2nd gongan: 1.03-1.11
Repeat:
1.12
Coda
A (using material from 1st gongan): 1.20-1.34
Coda B (using material from 2nd
gongan): 1.35-end
In
comparison, both pieces begin with an introduction when the gongs (or pedaled
bass chord) are struck on the first beat. Overall, the appearances of themes
and their repeats are very similar in both pieces. The repeats are minor
variations on the theme; for example, in Pagodes,
when the ostinato repeats, a countermelody is added; whereas in Udan Mas, during the 1st gongan return,
the elaborating instruments play in a slightly varying rhythm. Pagodes has an episodic structure, which
is similar to the gongans (cycles) in
Udan Mas. The coda of Pagodes (starts from mm.80) is written
in demi-semiquavers on the treble, hence driving the tempo of the piece. Then,
it slows down at mm.97 to end the piece. This is similar to Udan Mas, in which the piece starts to
accelerate just before the coda at 1:17 seconds, then slows down at 1:39
seconds to finish off. However, when analyzing more in depth, Pagodes has a more elaborate structure
with its contrasting sections, sub-sections and transitions.
Debussy’s instrumental imitations of gamelan music
Pagodes presents
a resonant timbre with the constant use of sustained pedal that mimics the
sound of gongs. Here are a few examples of imitations on gamelan instruments.
Figure 4.1: pedaled bass chord imitation of the gong ageng strike. The chords on the treble
imitates the metallic xylophones with the clashing F#-G# chord.
Figure 4.2: These high notes represent the
wispy bamboo flute from a gamelan ensemble that is absent from Udan Mas.
Difference
Pagodes
has a far more complex structure than Udan Mas. Each section in Pagodes is further divided into
sub-sections, and the piece also includes a bridge and transition. On the other
hand, Udan Mas only contains two simple
gongans with their repeats, because
gamelan music is characterized by a colotomic structure (cycles), in which sections
are generally repeated for several times with slight modifications.
The mood of these two pieces is
also a distinct difference between them. Pagodes
has a dreamy, vague timbre whereas Udan
Mas has a strong metallic timbre as gamelan ensemble is mainly composed of
idiophones.
Even though Debussy has included
several pentatonic scales in Pagodes (e.g.
mm. 11, 13, 14) to emphasize its oriental flavour, this piece is composed for
the piano, thus the scale/tuning system is completely different to the slendro or pelog system in the gamelan music. Udan Mas cannot be accurately transcribed onto the Western scale
system, because the note intervals are not equal tempered tones or semitones.
Conclusion
This musical investigation is a great opportunity for me to learn about pieces from two very distinct musical cultures: Impressionism from Western Art Music and Indonesian Javanese Gamelan from Non-Western Music.
Pagodes and Udan Mas share number of musical links such as the use of ostinatos/motifs, counter-melodies, polyphonic texture, overall structure and instrumental imitations. Nevertheless, these two culturally contrasting pieces have dissimilarities, particular the difference in Western and Non-Western scale system. Moreover, these two pieces present contrasting tone colours; for instance, Pagodes possesses the typical characteristic of an Impressionist piece with a vague, dreamy timbre whereas Udan Mas is more vibrant and metallic with the extensive use of idiophones and metallophones.
This investigation has allowed me to learn that several of Debussy’s compositions were written under the influences of Asian music, particularly Javanese gamelan music. I have always been limited within the boundaries of classical music, but through this valuable study, I have explored beyond the realms of Western Art Music and made connections between two seemingly distinctive musical cultures.
Word Count: 1980
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